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The 15 Comedy Rules Every Writer Should Understand

The 15 Comedy Rules Every Writer Should Understand

41 segments available

I interviewed David Zucker, the director behind Airplane!, Naked Gun, and some of the funniest movies ever made. What makes this conversation fascinating isn't just the behind the scenes stories, but how he breaks down comedy writing like a science. We talked about his specific rules for making people laugh, his "flywheel theory" of pacing that keeps audiences laughing non-stop, and why they test-screened Airplane! so many times. If you want to understand what actually makes something funny, whether you're writing, performing, or just curious about the craft, this conversation will show you the discipline and technique behind comedy that looks effortless. Enjoy! 00:00:00 What Makes a Comedy Actually Funny 00:06:28 Joke on a Joke 00:11:44 Why Story Beats Jokes Every Time 00:17:41 How to Build Character in the First Act 00:22:41 When Running Gags Go Too Far 00:27:04 How to Get Better at Comedy Writing 00:32:50 How "Prohibited Jokes" Have Changed Over Time 00:38:20 Why Death and Sickness Are Comedy Gold 00:47:51 Why Hollywood Has Stopped Taking Creative Risks 00:55:09 Making Movies That Last 50 Years 01:00:10 What Made Our Comedy Different 01:08:44 Why Write Comedy in Groups 01:12:12 How You Can Learn to Be Funny Hey! I’m David Perell and I’m a writer, teacher, and podcaster. I believe writing online is one of the biggest opportunities in the world today. For the first time in human history, everybody can freely share their ideas with a global audience. I seek to help as many people publish their writing online as possible. Follow me Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-write/id1700171470 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2DjMSboniFAeGA8v9NpoPv X: https://x.com/david_perell

Segments Timeline

1
0:01 - 3:05
3:03 duration549 words

The Science of Surprise in Comedy

David Zucker discusses the foundational element of surprise in comedy writing, emphasizing how it shapes audience expectations. He shares insights from his early experiences, including a pivotal moment with Dick Van Dyke that influenced his understanding of comedy as a science. Zucker explains how reversing audience expectations is key to crafting effective humor.

"Well, you've made some hilarious movies, Airplane, Naked Gun, and what I'm curious about is like when you're writing those movies and you're thinking about how do I make a good spoof movie? How do I m..."

2
3:05 - 6:02
2:57 duration493 words

Joke on a Joke: The Straight Man's Role

Zucker elaborates on the importance of having a straight man in comedy, explaining that humor often relies on one character being serious while the other delivers the punchline. He reflects on how this dynamic was crucial in films like Airplane! and why having everyone trying to be funny can dilute the impact of the jokes.

"I mean, all any surprise, if it's funny, works. If you just do a surprise, uh, you know, that's not necessarily funny. But if uh if you start with the surprise of two 11year-olds or 9year-olds talking..."

3
6:02 - 9:03
3:00 duration504 words

Acknowledging the Joke: A Comedy Rule

In this segment, Zucker explains the rule of not acknowledging jokes in comedy. He illustrates how subtlety enhances humor, using examples from Airplane! to show how ignoring the absurdity allows the audience to discover the humor themselves, making it more effective.

"uh Peter Graves doing these very hilarious lines in airplane but if if Bill Murray had been doing it or Jim Carrey it it wouldn't have been as funny right and this is nothing to say against these guys..."

4
9:03 - 10:14
1:10 duration189 words

The Flywheel Theory of Pacing

Zucker introduces his 'flywheel theory' of comedy pacing, which suggests that it's easier to keep an audience laughing continuously than to restart their laughter. He discusses how this principle influenced the structure of his films and the importance of maintaining momentum in comedy.

"acknowledge it and the other person in the shot, you know, doing the take. But if Lesie said something or or uh George Kennedy say said something funny and you had to cut to the reaction, it's just li..."

5
10:14 - 12:29
2:15 duration396 words

Testing for Laughter: The Importance of Audience Feedback

Zucker shares his experience with audience testing during the making of Airplane! and other films. He emphasizes the necessity of gauging audience reactions to refine comedic timing and ensure that the laughs are consistent throughout the movie.

"start them up again. And this is why when I see stand-up comedians sometimes I say, why are they waiting till the last laugh has gone? They should get on with it. They should get on with it while the ..."

6
12:29 - 14:06
1:36 duration306 words

Crafting a Believable Story in Comedy

In this segment, Zucker discusses the balance between humor and storytelling in comedy films. He explains that while jokes are crucial, a believable story is essential for engaging the audience, using examples from his films to illustrate how character arcs enhance comedic impact.

"to go any longer than that. Yeah. A lot of other comedies, they start as comedies and then they they turn into a story that has some more depth. I'm like, "No, I came here to see a comedy." Yours, I'm..."

7
14:06 - 15:07
1:00 duration174 words

Building Characters for Comedy

In this segment, Zucker reflects on the necessity of character development in comedy. He recounts lessons learned from 'Top Secret' and 'Naked Gun,' emphasizing that characters need relatable problems to solve, which ultimately drives the story and engages the audience emotionally.

"laugh. Anyways, oh tell me more about that. Okay. Well, merely clever. A lot of people stop at it's just clever. If we had audiences saying that in a preview for Naked Gun, uh, Top Secret, Airplane, t..."

8
15:07 - 16:10
1:03 duration189 words

The Role of Love Stories in Comedy

Zucker explains that many comedies are fundamentally love stories, which resonate with audiences. He illustrates this point by discussing character arcs in 'Naked Gun' and how the emotional stakes of love drive the narrative, making the humor more impactful.

"just I become a really real stickler about that. And I I learned by making mistakes and you know when we did Top Secret we didn't realize uh how important that was to build a character in the first ac..."

9
16:10 - 17:39
1:29 duration235 words

The Balance of Story and Humor

Zucker shares insights on balancing story and humor in scriptwriting. He discusses how a strong narrative foundation is essential for jokes to land effectively, using examples from 'Baseball' and 'Top Secret' to illustrate the importance of character-driven plots.

"meets Priscilla and you know and then it became boy boy meets girl gets girl loses girl gets girls. What's funny is that a lot of these are ultimately just love stories. And is that they should be Yea..."

10
17:39 - 19:03
1:23 duration229 words

Crafting a Comedy Script

In this segment, Zucker discusses his approach to writing comedy scripts, emphasizing the need to blend story, characters, and humor seamlessly. He shares anecdotes about the collaborative writing process for 'Naked Gun' and the importance of thorough preparation before filming.

"take it. Right. So as you're writing the script, do you think, oh, I'm going to start with the story, the characters, the comedy, or is it just I'm going to mix them all together and I need to make su..."

11
19:03 - 20:49
1:46 duration316 words

The Art of Detailed Scriptwriting

Zucker elaborates on the significance of detailed scriptwriting in comedy. He contrasts the demands of television writing with film, expressing his preference for taking time to craft well-thought-out scripts that ensure comedic effectiveness on set.

"casting soon. But there we used a movie called Detour. H and Detour was a 1945 noir movie which was great for two acts and then suddenly it ends. You know sometimes a movie ends and say what what happ..."

12
20:49 - 22:14
1:24 duration233 words

Collaborative Writing Dynamics

Zucker shares insights into the collaborative nature of comedy writing, highlighting the contributions of his writing partners. He discusses how different writers bring unique strengths to the table, enhancing the overall quality of the script.

"there's no improvising, you know. And one movie I did called An American Carol. It was uh I wrote it with a old friend of mine, Lewis Freriedman from my high school and he's a brilliantly funny. And w..."

13
22:14 - 23:43
1:29 duration272 words

Understanding Misunderstandings in Humor

Zucker reflects on the use of misunderstandings as a comedic device in his films. He provides examples from 'Naked Gun' and discusses how clever puns and running gags contribute to the humor, showcasing the intricacies of comedic timing and delivery.

"joke writer ever. You know he's What makes a good joke writer? Uh I don't know. Pat just always had that that ability to not only write jokes, but he could write Frank Dreban. He wrote Leslie Nielsen...."

14
23:43 - 25:56
2:13 duration402 words

The Power of Running Gags

In this segment, Zucker discusses the effectiveness of running gags in comedy. He explains how repetition can enhance humor, but also warns against overdoing it, sharing insights from the editing process of 'Airplane!' and the importance of maintaining audience engagement.

"from Zero Hour. It was from another airliner in trouble movie from the 50s called Crash Landing. And someone said surely you can't be serious. And one of us I you know we can't it's the most famous li..."

15
25:56 - 27:01
1:05 duration160 words

Jokes Without a Story

Zucker concludes by discussing the necessity of a strong story to support jokes in comedy. He emphasizes that without a compelling narrative, even the funniest jokes can fall flat, reiterating the importance of character and plot in successful comedic storytelling.

"laugh. Is there such thing as too many jokes? No. There is too many jokes if you don't have a story to to hang it on. So if you don't have a good story in the third act, the jokes start start to get t..."

16
27:01 - 28:20
1:18 duration224 words

Learning from Failure

In this segment, Zucker shares insights on how he and his team improved their comedy writing through experience and failure. He emphasizes personal accountability for their flops, stating that understanding what went wrong is crucial for growth. Zucker highlights the importance of learning from mistakes and how these lessons shape a writer's craft.

"successful. How'd you go about getting better at your craft? Was it just we're going to make stuff and see if people laugh or was it more deliberate than that? Uh well getting better at our craft you ..."

17
28:20 - 29:29
1:09 duration161 words

The Importance of Related Background Humor

Zucker explains the concept of related background humor, illustrating it with examples from 'Airplane!' and 'Naked Gun.' He discusses how jokes can be funnier when they occur in the background, allowing the audience to focus on the main action while still enjoying the humor. This technique enhances comedic timing and effectiveness.

"mistakes in life. Yeah. I want to get back to the rules. I want to get back to the rules. Yes. Unrelated background. Unrelated. Well, we made a mistake in airplane. Uh, which the joke turned out to be..."

18
29:29 - 30:43
1:14 duration199 words

Subtlety in Comedy

In this segment, Zucker reflects on the use of subtle humor in films, referencing a scene from 'Harold and Maude.' He discusses how background actions can create comedic moments without overshadowing the main dialogue, emphasizing the effectiveness of understated humor in enhancing the overall comedic experience.

"one of the one of the early movies uh which uh Jerry and Jim and I became aware of was Harold and Ma. I don't know if you've ever heard of it, but it was Ruth Gordon had a romance with Bud Court and u..."

19
30:43 - 32:15
1:31 duration250 words

Navigating Prohibited Jokes

Zucker addresses the evolving landscape of comedy and what constitutes a 'prohibited joke.' He shares his perspective on how societal norms have shifted over the years, impacting what is considered acceptable in humor. Zucker argues that as long as a joke elicits laughter, it should be fair game, despite changing sensitivities.

"says to Leslie, "Uh, Frank, everyone should have a friend like you." So, that's definitely related. She said something that actually helped the joke. But we're telling the audience ostensibly, you sho..."

20
32:15 - 33:38
1:23 duration202 words

The Role of Irreverence in Comedy

In this segment, Zucker discusses the irreverent style of comedy that has influenced his work, citing inspirations like Mad Magazine and the Marx Brothers. He explains how pushing boundaries and addressing taboo subjects can lead to humor that resonates with audiences, while also acknowledging the risks involved in such approaches.

"That was for Airplane. Okay. Got it. So they when we I think before we before they allowed us to direct they were they they just you know they were they were scared and I I don't blame them and and We..."

21
33:38 - 36:00
2:21 duration393 words

Crafting Humor from Real Life

Zucker shares insights on how real-life experiences and observations inform his comedic writing. He discusses the blending of personal anecdotes with scripted humor, illustrating how authenticity can enhance comedic moments. This segment highlights the importance of drawing from life to create relatable and impactful comedy.

"would they think that that was in in any way offensive? But some people are so pissy and uh with their heads so far up their asses that they can't they don't understand humor. And I wrote an article a..."

22
36:00 - 38:50
2:49 duration518 words

Building Comedy Through Escalation

Zucker explains the technique of escalating comedic situations, using examples from 'Scary Movie 3' and other films. He emphasizes the importance of building tension and absurdity in scenes to maximize laughter. This segment showcases how careful pacing and escalation can lead to memorable comedic moments.

"scripts and you're just pulling from here, pulling it from here, and you're just stuffing everything into the script. You're trying to see all these different inspirations and that that's kind of how ..."

23
38:50 - 39:16
0:26 duration75 words

Death and Sickness as Comedy

In this segment, Zucker discusses the use of death and sickness in comedy, exploring why these themes can be humorous. He reflects on the juxtaposition of serious topics with comedic elements, explaining how this contrast can create unexpected laughter. Zucker's insights reveal the complexities of crafting humor around sensitive subjects.

"that together. Yeah, we've I don't know why because it's the it's just the opposite of what you expect, you know, we just, you know, a lot of stuff we do is irreverent, you know, like and we kind of l..."

24
39:52 - 41:04
1:12 duration213 words

Trust and Timing in Comedy

Zucker shares insights on the importance of trust between the audience and the comedian. He discusses how missing a joke can lead to a loss of audience trust, making it essential for every joke to land. He recounts his commitment to ensuring that nothing unfunny makes it into the final cut, highlighting the rigorous standards he maintains in his work.

"that mean? Well, the blocking is how how you set up a master. So, uh, you just set up a a master in a rehearsal and the actors will say their lines and, you know, follow the slug lines in the script t..."

25
41:04 - 42:12
1:07 duration195 words

Crafting Effective Trailers

In this segment, Zucker reveals the secrets behind creating effective movie trailers. He explains that the funniest jokes from the film should be included in the trailer to entice audiences. Zucker shares anecdotes from 'Naked Gun' and how revealing certain plot points can still maintain the humor and excitement of the film.

"depends on pace. Uh, and if you if you if you miss on a joke, the audience loses trust. So, we just have to make sure every joke lands. So, I told Lesie once, I will never make you do anything that is..."

26
42:12 - 43:05
0:52 duration165 words

Slapstick as Art

Zucker discusses the intersection of slapstick comedy and art, expressing his reluctance to label their work as 'art' due to its comedic nature. He reflects on the critical reception of 'Airplane!' and how some critics failed to appreciate the humor, emphasizing that comedy can be both entertaining and artistically valid.

"jokes in the movie. And in in Naked Gun, we put in OJ going over the, you know, we gave away the ending and it doesn't matter. Nobody re either nobody remembers the trailer or it's still funny. If you..."

27
43:05 - 44:11
1:06 duration200 words

Axe Grinding in Comedy

Zucker explains the concept of 'axe grinding' in comedy, where a film attempts to convey a social or political message that can overshadow the humor. He shares his experience with the film 'An American Carol,' discussing its satirical take on political issues and how it balances humor with commentary.

"it's tough for Pauline Kale to say that's art. But actually Woody Allen actually saw Airplane for the first time with Pauline Kale and she hated it. And evidently Woody kept saying, "No, no, this is t..."

28
44:11 - 45:32
1:21 duration251 words

Celebrity Cameos: The Right Fit

In this segment, Zucker talks about the strategic use of celebrity cameos in films. He shares his reasoning for casting Kareem Abdul-Jabbar in 'Airplane!' and how such choices can enhance the comedic effect while poking fun at the celebrity's public persona.

"are no rules. So you know I did a a movie called An American Carol. I don't know if you ever heard of it but I've heard of it. I haven't seen it. Okay. But um it's actually very funny. I saw it a few ..."

29
45:32 - 49:00
3:27 duration544 words

The State of Hollywood Today

Zucker reflects on the current state of Hollywood, expressing concerns about the lack of creativity and the prevalence of sequels and remakes. He discusses the challenges of getting new projects made and the shift towards streaming, highlighting the impact on the film industry and the creative landscape.

"slapstick in it. So and I was surprised when I saw it and it was and it was really out there. David Ellen Greer was in it playing a slave, you know. Anyways, it's When do celebrity pop celebrity cameo..."

30
49:00 - 51:14
2:14 duration400 words

Staying True to Creative Vision

Zucker shares his personal philosophy on creativity and the importance of staying true to one's vision in the face of industry pressures. He discusses his writing process and how he prioritizes originality over conforming to mainstream trends, emphasizing the value of authenticity in comedy.

"that's what Hollywood is doing and so you know the studios are down to I don't know each four or five movies a year if that. I don't know I I don't I what's the thinking behind that? What's the ration..."

31
50:58 - 52:07
1:08 duration201 words

Breaking the Frame in Comedy

Zucker discusses the concept of 'breaking the frame' in comedy, where characters acknowledge the audience, creating a unique comedic effect. He references Mel Brooks and classic examples from his own films, illustrating how this technique engages viewers and enhances humor. This segment delves into the mechanics of comedy writing and audience interaction.

"people somehow still like me. So, a a lot of people say, "What happened to you?" you know. So, but uh I I just have my own way going about things and it's not I don't want to do either what I've done ..."

32
52:07 - 53:01
0:54 duration164 words

The Power of Audience Acknowledgment

In this segment, Zucker explains how acknowledging the audience can elevate a joke's effectiveness. He shares memorable examples from 'Top Secret' and 'Naked Gun,' where characters break the fourth wall, enhancing the comedic experience. This discussion highlights the importance of audience engagement in crafting lasting humor.

"I think that, uh, Mel Brooks does a lot, but when Mel Brooks does it, I think it works. And don't forget the 15th rule is there are no rules. I don't recall Woody Allen ever breaking the frame. His he..."

33
53:01 - 54:36
1:34 duration258 words

Timeless Humor vs. Trivia

Zucker contrasts timeless humor with jokes that rely on contemporary trivia, explaining how references can date a comedy. He reflects on the success of 'Airplane!' and the importance of creating jokes that resonate beyond their time. This segment emphasizes the challenge of writing comedy that remains relevant and funny for decades.

"we've also we've done it also in in Naked Gun. There's a great there's a what I think was a great joke when uh we start out with a stupid pun uh when Lesie says to the waiter, "Give me the strongest t..."

34
54:36 - 56:11
1:35 duration239 words

The Goal of Lasting Comedy

Zucker discusses the intention behind writing comedy that lasts, sharing insights from the making of 'Airplane!' He reflects on the balance between immediate laughs and creating a film that endures over time. This segment reveals the thought process behind crafting comedy that stands the test of time.

"later, 40 years later when we we we showed Top Secret at uh at Sketchfest in San Francisco, full house, 800 800 people in the audience and they it worked exactly as it worked when it when Top Secret w..."

35
56:11 - 57:36
1:24 duration244 words

Avoiding Comedy Mistakes

In this segment, Zucker talks about the importance of learning from past mistakes in comedy writing. He shares how rules and standards help avoid pitfalls that can detract from humor. This discussion highlights the discipline required in comedy writing and the collaborative nature of the creative process.

"uh uh that's trivia. And so we we don't it's it's tough to do, you know, if you do things that are contemporary references. Uh I mean, we should be and I don't want to tell anybody else what to do, bu..."

36
57:36 - 1:01:03
3:27 duration605 words

The Discipline Behind Zany Comedy

Zucker emphasizes the discipline that underlies the seemingly chaotic nature of his comedies. He explains how rules guide the writing process, ensuring quality and coherence in humor. This segment showcases the balance between creativity and structure in successful comedy writing.

"they made up their own uh straight thing to make fun of. You can always make a funny name, but it but I'm not looking down on them. They obviously worked and then they made a whole movie title out of ..."

37
1:01:03 - 1:02:21
1:18 duration217 words

Can You Live with the Joke?

Zucker introduces the concept of 'Can you live with it?' as a guiding principle in comedy writing. He illustrates this with examples from 'Naked Gun,' explaining how jokes must have a clear end to maintain their humor. This segment explores the timing and delivery essential for effective comedic moments.

"this framework. What's the discipline mean? Like the consistency of joke quality or what? It's just it's that, you know, we approach it as as a science. I mean, it's it's weird that it's both, you kno..."

38
1:02:21 - 1:04:14
1:52 duration293 words

The Rule That Didn't Happen

In this segment, Zucker recounts a humorous anecdote about a note from Paramount regarding unrealistic elements in comedy. He reflects on the absurdity of certain comedic situations and how they contribute to the humor. This discussion highlights the creative freedom that often defines successful comedy.

"Naked Gun. In Naked Gun, Lesie and George Kennedy are doing a steak out and while they're waiting endless hours, they're eating pistachio nuts and they're talking and then as they talk, we see their t..."

39
1:05:01 - 1:06:38
1:37 duration281 words

Simplicity Over Special Effects

In this segment, Zucker critiques the reliance on technical effects in comedy, arguing that they often detract from the humor. He reflects on films like 'Spies Like Us' and 'Blues Brothers,' asserting that simple, relatable gags are more effective than elaborate special effects in delivering laughs.

"going, you know, if you do a joke. And if you trap yourself into showing up at an event, you know, dressed up in a funny costume, then can you live with it? You know, that's kind of what goes in that...."

40
1:06:38 - 1:08:40
2:01 duration323 words

The Value of Group Writing

Zucker explains the benefits of collaborative writing in comedy, noting how instant feedback from peers can enhance the comedic process. He reminisces about the early days of 'Kentucky Fried Theater,' where live audience reactions helped shape their comedic timing and pacing.

"opposite of technical pizzazz. You know, we just those are really easy gags. Or, you know, a slapstick gag like uh Lesie driving up and hitting the the the a post on a dock and the guy fishing from th..."

41
1:08:40 - 1:13:27
4:46 duration821 words

Learning to Be Funny

In this final segment, Zucker invites viewers to explore his comedy course, emphasizing that anyone can learn to be funny. He assures that the course is informal and enjoyable, aiming to teach the art of comedy without taking itself too seriously, making it accessible for all aspiring comedians.

"It's really important rule, I think. Why is it so helpful when you're writing comedies to do it in groups? Uh, I know in comedy, well, you get that instant reaction because it's just, you know, comedy..."