
57 segments available
Albert Cheng has led growth at three of the world’s most successful consumer subscription companies: Duolingo, Grammarly, and Chess.com. A former Google product manager (and serious pianist!), Albert developed a unique approach to finding and scaling growth opportunities through rapid experimentation and deep user psychology. His teams run 1,000/year, discovering counterintuitive insights that have driven tens of millions in revenue. *What you’ll learn:* 1. How to use the explore–exploit framework to find new growth opportunities 2. How showing premium features to free users doubled Grammarly’s upgrades to paid plans 3. What good retention looks like for a consumer subscription app 4. Why resurrected users drive 80% of mature product growth 5. Why “reverse trials” work better than time-based trials 6. The three pillars of successful gamification: core loop, metagame, and profile *Brought to you by:* Vanta—Automate compliance. Simplify security: https://vanta.com/lenny Jira Product Discovery—Confidence to build the right thing: https://atlassian.com/lenny Miro—A collaborative visual platform where your best work comes to life: https://miro.com/lenny *Transcript:* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-find-hidden-growth-opportunities-albert-cheng *My biggest takeaways (for paid newsletter subscribers):* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/i/174369960/my-biggest-takeaways-from-this-conversation *Where to find Albert Cheng:* • X: https://x.com/albertc248 • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/albertcheng1/ • Chess.com: https://www.chess.com/member/Goniners *Where to find Lenny:* • Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com • X: https://twitter.com/lennysan • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/ *In this episode, we cover:* (00:00) Introduction to Albert Cheng (04:25) From classical pianist to growth leader (09:37) The explore and exploit framework for growth (15:19) How to know when to explore vs. exploit (16:34) Using AI to accelerate growth experimentation (20:42) Grammarly’s biggest monetization win (24:36) Freemium vs. trial models for subscription products (28:03) What retention rates you need for subscription success (32:06) The importance of resurrected users (34:35) Differences between Duolingo, Grammarly, and Chess.com (45:53) How AI is changing Chess.com (51:19) How AI is changing the growth role (53:47) Tips for running successful experiments at scale (57:22) How to shift company culture toward experimentation (1:01:19) Key lessons from running experiments at scale (01:04:41) The three pillars of successful gamification (1:07:50) The most counterintuitive lesson about building teams (01:10:38) Deciding what size company is a good fit (1:13:28) Failure corner (1:16:42) Lightning round and final thoughts *Referenced:* • How Duolingo reignited user growth: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-duolingo-reignited-user-growth • Inside ChatGPT: The fastest-growing product in history | Nick Turley (Head of ChatGPT at OpenAI): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/inside-chatgpt-nick-turley • Explore vs. Exploit: https://brianbalfour.com/quick-takes/explore-vs-exploit • Grammarly: https://www.grammarly.com/ • Reforge: https://www.reforge.com/ • Chess.com: https://www.chess.com/ • Everyone’s an engineer now: Inside v0’s mission to create a hundred million builders | Guillermo Rauch (founder & CEO of Vercel, creators of v0 and Next.js): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/everyones-an-engineer-now-guillermo-rauch • Building Lovable: $10M ARR in 60 days with 15 people | Anton Osika (CEO and co-founder): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-lovable-anton-osika • Figma: https://www.figma.com/ • Cursor: https://cursor.com/ • The rise of Cursor: The $300M ARR AI tool that engineers can’t stop using | Michael Truell (co-founder and CEO): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-rise-of-cursor-michael-truell • Claude Code: https://www.anthropic.com/claude-code • GitHub Copilot: https://github.com/features/copilot • Noam Lovinsky on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/noaml/ • The happiness and pain of product management | Noam Lovinsky (Grammarly, Facebook, YouTube, Thumbtack): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/the-happiness-and-pain-of-product • Kyla Siedband on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kylasiedband/ ...References continued at: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-find-hidden-growth-opportunities-albert-cheng *Recommended books:* • Snuggle Puppy!: A Little Love Song: https://www.amazon.com/Snuggle-Puppy-Little-Boynton-Board/dp/1665924985 • Ogilvy on Advertising: https://www.amazon.com/Ogilvy-Advertising-David/dp/039472903X • Dark Squares: How Chess Saved My Life Hardcover: https://www.amazon.com/Dark-Squares-Chess-Saved-Life/dp/1541703286 _Production and marketing by https://penname.co/._ _For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email podcast@lennyrachitsky.com._ Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.
Albert Cheng emphasizes the critical importance of user retention for consumer subscription companies. He explains that without retaining users, the focus shifts to immediate monetization, which can be detrimental to long-term growth.
"growth as the job is to connect users to the value of your product. Growth sometimes gets this reputation that it's just pure metrics hacking. You've worked at three of the most successful consumer su..."
Cheng shares a pivotal monetization strategy from Grammarly, where premium features were shown to free users. This approach transformed user perception, showcasing Grammarly as a powerful tool rather than just a grammar checker.
"retain your users, then a lot of the onus is on getting them to pay on day one. Gnome Leavinski, he said that I need to ask you about the biggest monetization win that you found at Grammarly. The live..."
Albert discusses the value of high agency in team members over deep experience. He notes that in a rapidly changing environment, adaptability and energy can often outweigh traditional expertise.
"counterintuitive lesson you've learned about building teams? I saw some of the highest performers just being people that had very high agency, had that clock speed, had that energy, but they didn't ne..."
Albert Cheng reflects on his journey from a classical pianist to a leading growth strategist. He highlights the discipline and feedback loops from music that parallel the growth process in product management.
"learned habits actually need to be intentionally discarded. Today, my guest is Albert Chen. Albert is known as one of the top consumer growth minds in the world. He led growth and monetization at thre..."
Cheng introduces the explore-exploit framework, explaining how it helps teams balance between discovering new opportunities and optimizing existing ones. He emphasizes the importance of oscillating between exploration and exploitation.
"including his explore and exploit framework to find growth opportunities, his biggest and most interesting growth wins at Dualingo Grammarly.com, how he uses AI to accelerate his growth work, what he'..."
Albert shares insights from Chess.com, where data revealed that users preferred reviewing their winning games. This counterintuitive finding led to significant changes in user engagement and retention strategies.
"year, and so much more. A huge thank you to Eric Alabest, Nom Leavinsky, and Jorge Mazal for suggesting topics for this conversation. If you enjoy this podcast, don't forget to subscribe and follow it..."
Cheng discusses the importance of sharing successful insights across teams to enhance product experiences. He illustrates how one team's success can inform and improve the strategies of others within the organization.
"on over to lennisnewsletter.com and click product pass. With that, I bring you Albert Chain. My podcast guests and I love talking about craft and taste and agency and product market fit. You know what..."
Albert emphasizes the need for continuous experimentation in growth strategies. He notes that while many experiments may fail, those that succeed can lead to significant insights and improvements across the product.
"complete security questionnaires up to five times faster so that you can win bigger deals sooner. The result, according to a recent IDC study, Vanta customers slashed over $500,000 a year and are thre..."
Cheng provides guidance on recognizing when to shift focus between exploration and exploitation. He suggests using data patterns from experiments to determine when to pivot strategies.
"It's proving that the work matters, managing stakeholders, trying to plan ahead. Most teams spend more time reacting than learning, chasing updates, justifying road maps, and constantly unblocking wor..."
Albert discusses the integration of AI in growth strategies, particularly in automating data queries. He highlights how AI can streamline the process of gathering insights, allowing teams to focus on strategic growth initiatives.
"alignment, not questions. And because it's built on Jira, you can track ideas from strategy to delivery, all in one place. Less chasing, more time to think, learn, and build the right thing. Get Jira ..."
Albert Cheng discusses the potential for uncovering unexpected growth opportunities within a product. He emphasizes the importance of understanding user psychology and how insights can resonate across the entire product experience, leading to sustained growth.
"lot more wins in an area than people expect that you can continue to find wins and growth in something for a long time. >> Exactly right. Yes. Um, at the end of the day, like users, I think within a c..."
Cheng shares his approach to determining when to explore new opportunities versus exploiting existing ones. He highlights the use of experiment explorer tools to identify patterns in experiments and signals that indicate when to pivot back to exploration.
">> People hearing this might feel like okay yes uh find big wins and then find more. Is there something you find that helps you figure out when to explore versus when to exploit when you've exploited ..."
Albert Cheng explains how AI is utilized at Chess.com to enhance growth experimentation. He describes a text-to-SQL capability that allows team members to quickly access data, making the company more data-informed and encouraging a culture of inquiry.
">> Well, let me follow this thread on AI and how you you're using AI to help you figure this out. That is very cool. Talk about that. >> I think one of the the latest things that we've been tinkering ..."
Cheng discusses the use of AI tools for rapid prototyping within product development. He highlights how foundational screens of the product experience are created using AI, enabling teams to iterate quickly and foster collaboration across departments.
"I think you see this in chat GBT too, right? It's like just having a thing, right, that you can converse with that you feel uh comfortable in makes a huge difference. >> Okay, this is extremely cool. ..."
Albert Cheng reflects on the challenges of integrating various AI tools across different functions within a company. He emphasizes the need for interoperability to streamline workflows and enhance productivity in larger organizations.
"discussable and hopefully testable relatively soon. >> What's in your AI stack along those lines? >> The PMs are mostly using Vzero. The designers love Figma, so they're using Figma make. Uh the engin..."
Cheng shares his experience at Grammarly, detailing a significant monetization win. He explains how tracking user behavior led to the realization that interspersing premium features for free users nearly doubled upgrade rates.
">> I want to come back to this topic of how things have changed and how you work as a product person, as a growth person across the companies you've been at. But first of all, I want to I want to talk..."
Albert Cheng introduces the concept of 'reverse trials' as a strategy for monetization. He explains how providing free users with a taste of premium features can enhance their perception of the product and drive conversions.
"over 90% of our users are on the free service and the rest of it pay for subscriptions essentially, right? And so one of the teams they work on subscriber conversion PM there is Kyla. Um that team's g..."
Cheng discusses the key elements for building a successful consumer subscription product, emphasizing the importance of user retention and the role of word-of-mouth growth in achieving long-term success.
"that. So, that really worked well for us there. >> I think this is what converted me to being a paid Grammarly subscriber. Wow, what a what a a genius move. So essentially it's here's uh here's a bunc..."
Albert Cheng outlines critical retention metrics for consumer subscription apps. He explains the significance of daily active user retention and how it impacts the overall growth and sustainability of a subscription-based business.
"and then you layer on kind of a sampling or a taste of some of the premium features that are on top of it. That's usually the sweet spot that I've seen. As to the trials, reverse trials type of thing,..."
Albert Cheng explains how Grammarly's product differs from typical consumer apps, noting that its retention strategy relies heavily on the initial activation and installation experience rather than daily engagement. This insight reveals the importance of the 'aha moment' for long-term user retention.
"builds that daily habit. So over time especially when companies mature a little bit you actually focus most of your energy on the existing user retention mechanics um you find that that's a much much ..."
Cheng shares observations about successful consumer subscription products starting scrappy and cost-efficient. He discusses how these companies often rely on retention to fuel growth, navigating the challenges of user churn and competition in a crowded market.
">> Yeah, the and the retention piece that's such a good point. It's like my newsletter is very much along these lines. It's just like how many people are joining every day, how many people are leaving..."
Albert Cheng highlights the significance of resurrected users in driving growth for mature products. He explains how companies like Duolingo effectively use notifications and user engagement strategies to bring back inactive users, enhancing overall retention and user experience.
">> Can you explain that a little bit more? >> Yes. So after some period of time, you kind of stack up a lot of inactive users in your product, right? And you also stack up sporadic users, right? Peopl..."
Cheng compares the operational differences among Duolingo, Grammarly, and Chess.com, focusing on their unique approaches to product development and user engagement. He emphasizes how each company leverages its strengths to drive growth and maintain user interest.
"is what I'm trying to say. >> Got it. Like essentially so many of your so many people have already tried in the past that to grow you need to resurrect people that have been there and so thinking thro..."
Albert Cheng discusses Duolingo's distinctive approach to product development, characterized by rapid experimentation and a strong company culture. He notes how the company's processes and tools enable frequent updates and a dynamic user experience.
"company. And they tend to they actually wrote a playbook about this. It's called the green machine. You look it up. That was one of my most successful tweets ever. I just tweeted something about Duali..."
Cheng outlines Grammarly's transition from a student-focused product to a comprehensive tool for professionals. He explains how the company identified patterns in user adoption and adapted its strategy to cater to enterprise needs while maintaining a self-serve model.
"cycle and they were really really tight about it. >> Okay. So that's Dualingo. >> Yeah, that's Duolingo. Grammarly, you know, this is an interesting company because they started as a paid product orie..."
Albert Cheng describes Chess.com's unique culture, emphasizing the company's passion for chess and how it influences user engagement. He highlights the importance of community-driven growth and the company's global remote work environment.
">> Essentially a B2B business versus a very consumer business. >> Yeah. And a lot more meaningful strategic decisions as well. >> And then the core product team also, you know, I'm used to in growth l..."
Cheng discusses the interplay between growth experimentation and viral marketing strategies, using Duolingo as an example. He explains how effective marketing campaigns can significantly boost user acquisition while maintaining a focus on product improvement.
"always hired people from around the world. The company's always been globally remote. They just hire people that love chess. They play all day. They watch the streams. Our Slack is always blowing up o..."
Albert Cheng reflects on Duolingo's structured approach to product development, which fosters creativity and rapid iteration. He emphasizes the balance between rigid processes and innovative ideas that contribute to the company's success.
"we're always dog fooding the product. There's an just an amazing energy in the company to just use the product all the time, come up with ideas, and I love that environment. I think that's fun for me...."
Albert Cheng discusses the unexpected surge in chess popularity due to the pandemic and cultural phenomena like 'The Queen's Gambit.' He highlights how this growth has transformed chess.com, emphasizing the importance of seizing opportunities during significant market shifts.
"this company was really under the radar. Like 800 million people play chess around the world, but most of that is over the board. Until recently, there wasn't actually that much online. But five years..."
Cheng shares a personal anecdote about witnessing a family enjoying chess together in a coffee shop. He reflects on the wholesome nature of chess and how it has become a family-friendly activity, showcasing the game's accessibility and appeal.
">> I was actually speaking at chess.com and playing chess. I was at a coffee shop this weekend. There's a like a family, a dad and mom and a daughter ordering and the dad's sitting at the table and he..."
Cheng explains how AI is integrated into chess.com, enhancing user experience and gameplay. He discusses the historical relationship between chess and AI, referencing IBM's Deep Blue and how modern chess engines like Stockfish have revolutionized the game.
"Every day, new headlines are scaring us about all the ways that AI is coming for our jobs, creating a lot of anxiety and fear. But a recent survey for Miro tells a different story. 76% of people belie..."
Delving deeper into AI, Cheng compares the skill levels of chess engines to human players, illustrating the advancements in computing power and strategy. He emphasizes how chess.com leverages this technology to improve user engagement and learning.
"there's kind of like two buckets here. >> How is AI changing the product, say chess and other places you worked? And then how's AI impacting your work as a growth person? So pick one or both buckets. ..."
Cheng discusses how chess.com uses AI to enhance the user experience, making complex evaluations accessible to all players. He highlights the importance of keeping the user at the center of AI applications, ensuring that technology serves to enrich the game.
"specifically have learned how to augment I guess the human playing experience with the power of chess engines which you know are definitely a powerful form of AI. It's not LMS to be clear but there's ..."
Cheng contrasts the capabilities of AI with human players, noting that while AI excels in computation, it lacks the nuanced understanding of human gameplay. He discusses the limitations of language models in chess and the ongoing evolution of AI in the game.
"game. And our chess.com approach is that we can bring this technology for every user, even people that have never moved a piece before. I talked earlier about that game review product. That's exactly ..."
Cheng reflects on the future of AI in chess, referencing the AlphaGo documentary and the advancements in AI training. He emphasizes the emotional and human aspects of chess, suggesting that while AI improves, the game remains deeply rooted in human experience.
">> Not unexpected. You know, interestingly, LM themselves are quite bad at playing chess. Like, they hallucinate moves. They look at patterns, right? They're they're very good at pattern recognition, ..."
Cheng articulates his philosophy on growth, emphasizing the importance of connecting users to the value of a product. He discusses how understanding user journeys can inform growth strategies and improve overall user experience.
"Um but to your point, I my understanding is that the way Alpha Zero is primarily trained is that it just plays a bunch of games against itself, >> right? And so through the neural network, it just get..."
Cheng explains how AI can streamline the experimentation process in growth roles. He shares insights on using AI tools to enhance product discovery and ideation, making the experimentation cycle more efficient and impactful.
"you get through. So one example is in product discovery as opposed to core product which tends to have longer time frames and you might do like you know thorough user research or market research you k..."
Cheng stresses the necessity of experimentation in product development, encouraging teams to start small and embrace a culture of testing. He highlights the value of learning from experiments to drive growth and innovation.
"those are just a couple examples that come to mind. >> Awesome. I want to go back to this phrase right at the beginning of this answer that you shared that I think is really helpful that you see growt..."
Cheng shares his experiences with various experimentation tools, discussing the pros and cons of in-house versus third-party solutions. He emphasizes the importance of having the right tools to facilitate a robust experimentation culture.
"should think from that perspective and then from there right they ladder into like specific problems to solve hypotheses etc. Following the thread a little bit more people listening to this are imagin..."
Cheng outlines his ambitious goal of running a thousand experiments a year at chess.com. He discusses the significance of setting such targets to foster a culture of experimentation and continuous improvement within the organization.
">> Do you have a favorite tool by the way just to throw out? Is there like a go-to tool for you? We used uh Stat Sig at Grammarly and I saw that they recently got acquired. So that was exciting news. ..."
Cheng reflects on the cultural transformation at chess.com, crediting leadership for embracing experimentation. He shares insights on how to effectively shift a company's mindset from minimal experimentation to a robust, data-driven approach.
"is that you can have conversations about what would need to be true to actually hit that goal. And so that leads to um insights like actually we need not just product management or or engineering to b..."
Cheng attributes much of the cultural shift at Chess.com to the support from the CEO and co-founders, who advocate for product-led growth and experimentation. He highlights the significance of leadership alignment in fostering an environment where experimentation can thrive, motivating teams to see the value in learning from their efforts.
"their intuitive way of thinking about growing companies, but their mental flexibility and encouragement, right, to to evolve and add this as a as a tool for the company has been awesome. and they've b..."
Albert Cheng shares insights on the necessity of having a robust system in place for running experiments. He stresses that understanding the growth model and ensuring proper instrumentation of the product are critical to avoid misleading results. Cheng reflects on past experiences where poor configurations led to erroneous conclusions, underscoring the need for careful setup.
">> What was the first experiment you guys ran? Do you remember? >> I don't know. Before my time, actually. Okay. Okay. Got it. So they already going down this track before they brought you in. >> They..."
Cheng discusses a successful initiative at Duolingo that capitalized on user behavior, specifically through screenshot tracking to identify shareable moments. By enhancing these moments with delightful experiences, Duolingo was able to significantly boost user engagement and growth, demonstrating the power of leveraging organic user actions.
">> Oh my god. On the flip side of horror stories, you've shared a bunch of cool examples of experiment wins. Is there another that comes to mind? If one you're really proud of or that was really traje..."
Albert Cheng explains the three pillars of gamification that drive user engagement: the core loop, metagame, and user profile. He illustrates how these elements create a compelling learning journey for users, particularly in language learning and chess, emphasizing the importance of motivation and habit formation in product design.
">> You got it. >> Speaking of that, you mentioned this with Duolingo is just very good at habit formation and motivation behavior. Feels like chess is good at this too. >> You've worked at both these ..."
Cheng highlights the challenges faced by new chess players and the importance of crafting positive experiences to enhance retention. He shares strategies being tested at Chess.com, such as tailored learning experiences for beginners and hiding ratings initially, to ensure new users feel supported and encouraged as they learn.
"to the chess.com side, like what we see is that over 75% of our new users, they classify themselves as like, I'm completely new to chess or I'm a beginner. And unfortunately, if you're new to chess an..."
Albert Cheng reflects on the importance of hiring high-agency individuals who can adapt quickly in a fast-paced environment. He discusses how traits like speed of learning and energy are crucial for success, especially in a rapidly changing landscape influenced by AI, and how these traits can be identified during the hiring process.
"then here's like tr here's where you should move. Just like here here's we're going to help you win >> like a hint in real time. >> Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. >> Well, I don't I don't want to be playing you th..."
Cheng shares his insights on the ideal company size for maximizing impact and personal satisfaction. He describes his preference for medium-sized companies that balance scale with the ability to engage in detailed work, highlighting the unique challenges and learning opportunities presented by different company sizes.
"end up uh surviving and thriving. >> So just to double click on this this idea of high agency is very uh trending these days of just like hire high agency people to unpack that a little bit you mentio..."
In the 'Failure Corner' segment, Albert Cheng discusses the inevitability of failure in the growth space. He shares a past experience from his early career that taught him valuable lessons about the importance of resilience and learning from mistakes, emphasizing that failures are a natural part of the experimentation process.
"right? As opposed to monthly and quarterly. >> And when you say medium, what size of company is that roughly? >> Yeah. So um these companies that we've talked about in the podcast are about 500 to a,0..."
In this segment, Cheng discusses the pitfalls of launching a product without sufficient validation, particularly the risks associated with early public relations efforts. He reflects on how this can lead to sunk costs and challenges in execution, reinforcing the need for thorough testing before going public.
"an Uber andyft. Um so I was there for some time. I led product there and you know the the core service was was really loved by its users like it was you know reliable and fast and you know affordable ..."
Albert reflects on the lessons learned from his early career, particularly the importance of understanding user needs and the dynamics of marketplace businesses. He emphasizes the value of absorbing experiences and adapting them to future projects, highlighting the continuous learning process in product management.
"lesson is like this was kind of a solution searching for a problem. Like you never just purely want to chase a like, you know, wouldn't it be nice if we did this as opposed to you know this is our our..."
Cheng discusses the significance of authenticity when sharing experiences and lessons learned. He emphasizes the importance of being genuine and how it can resonate with others, encouraging a culture of knowledge sharing and continuous improvement in the workplace.
">> Yeah. Feels like you went to the complete other end. Run experiments of everything before you tell anyone about it. >> That's right. >> Yeah. I remember the chariot bus showing up at the Airbnb off..."
In this segment, Albert talks about the value of taking time to reflect on personal and professional growth. He shares his own journey of self-discovery after leaving Airbnb and how it led to meaningful insights that shaped his current endeavors.
"know, do I have enough deep, you know, independent frameworks that I need to come up with? But just being authentic to my actual experience at these companies, you know, a lot of my lessons learned ha..."
Cheng shares his favorite books, including 'Ogilvy on Advertising' and 'Dark Squares,' highlighting their relevance to marketing and personal growth. He emphasizes the importance of learning from diverse sources and how these insights can be applied in product management and beyond.
"that this is the excuse to make you think through what have I learned concretely that I can share. >> That's right. Thank you for that. >> Yeah. Yeah. And I actually so at the beginning of this podcas..."
Albert reflects on a life motto instilled by his mother about the importance of reputation. He discusses how daily actions and decisions can compound over time, influencing opportunities and relationships in both personal and professional contexts.
"There's a book called Snuggle Puppy >> that that has a song in it that just makes my daughter crack up. So, >> that is heartwarming for me. But um no, like a book that I recommended recently at work i..."
In this light-hearted segment, Cheng talks about his love for chess and how it fits into his daily routine. He shares insights on his chess rating and the culture at Chess.com, where employees are encouraged to engage with the game regularly.
"as a as an interesting recommendation. >> Is there a movie or TV show? Sorry, were you going to share another book? >> Uh, yeah, actually. So, >> oh, yes, please. >> My our co-founder at chess.com, uh..."
Albert wraps up the conversation by inviting listeners to connect with him on LinkedIn and Chess.com. He expresses gratitude for the opportunity to share his experiences and encourages others to reach out for discussions on growth and product management.
"ritual that I go and get coffee and it starts my day right. Two years ago, I bought a house and for the first time ever in my life, I'm like not by a coffee shop and I was so depressed about this for ..."