"would that make you sad to die in mars looking back at the planet you were born on no i think it would be actually in some ways it may be the best way to die knowing that you're in the first wave of p..."

"you wrote a book called the next 500 years engineering life to reach new worlds and you dedicated to quote to all humans and any extinction aware sentience how fundamental is awareness of death and ex..."

"individual level it is true when you wrote it it it was really powerful to realize for me that we do contemplate our extinction and that that is a creative force so the at the individual level contemp..."

"several hundred years and especially in the past few decades where we can see you know a sense of responsibility and a planetary scale so when we think about like say terraforming mars that would just..."

"word duty is something that usually puts people to sleep i'll say that's how duty you know it's duty is a bit like death people don't often like to really think what you wake up in the morning what is..."

"ability that we have this awareness of not only our our own frailty which of course is often talked about and climate change and people think about pandemics but other species that we sometimes cause ..."

"that back yes like the best of science the best of engineering is both dangerous and exciting and that's why you have to have the best people but also the most morally grounded people yes pushing us f..."

"we've done bad but the poetry the music the uh engineering feats the you know getting to the moon and eventually already rovers on mars these extraordinary feats that humans have already accomplished ..."

"efficient at that they also create beautiful things but less uh aggressively less innovation less building like standing on the shoulders of giants building on top of each other over and over and over..."

"yes you know you kind of uh the i mean you seriously look at the next 500 years and that's such a beautiful thing you know seriously we'll talk about like the uncertainty involved with that and all th..."

"powerful i never really thought about i thought that you know eventually all things end and that was the kind of melancholic notion behind all of it you know none of this matters in a way just uh to m..."

"say i think we've only got 100 years left or some people say billions some people say as long as the universe lasts but to the person who once said as a medical student applicant who said i think we'v..."

"point the universe either continues to expand or it could collapse back in itself and the heat death is more likely at this point where it just keeps expanding expanding everything it's too far away b..."

"to phrase it that way because the unit the earth has only been here for 4.5 billion years and we and you know life maybe only for a few billion of those years complex life only for several hundred yea..."

"about when and who and how do we set up the party right and then how do we help them i think it's an interesting other moral question is do we you know the a lot of star trek episodes you the prime di..."

"in terms of the effort of humans becoming multi-planetary species in terms of priorities how much would you allocate to trying to make contact with aliens and getting their help and if we look at the ..."

"occasionally when they visit they have they bring their whiskey you know we have a drink but the uh i think we we can do we've been broadcasting into space for you know at this point almost a century ..."

"there's sometimes criticism of like ridiculous science like studying penguins or something or studying the patterns of birds or fish and so on some congressman stands up and says this is a waste of ta..."

"aliens looking for aliens out there in the universe is a motivator that just inspires inspires everybody young people old people scientists artists engineers entrepreneurs everybody the somehow the th..."

"so i think you know we have this uh we're this beginning of some planetary protection is happening now is we're going to send we're bringing rocks back from mars in 2033 if all goes according to plan ..."

"the table on your skin in the subway are pretty inert they're just you know people hanging around for the ride and actually just because we're talking so much trash about viruses most viruses are don'..."

"aggregating and replicating of information uh for example ai at some point what if there's an ai platform that we could consider alive like at what point would you allow it to say it's alive and i thi..."

"well i love both so it's a hell of a delicious sandwich you quote president dwight d eisenhower in your book quote plans are useless but planning is essential and you provide a thought experiment call..."

"it is just it's that trait though of humans to just sit there and project into the future it's easily you know really seamlessly with whatever you're doing and previously is is powerful because it sho..."

"think it is but is it that awareness again of like you know the frailty of life the ever uh insistence an increase in entropy that you can address though and actually i say the same thing to first-yea..."

"more people can do that humanity's never been in a better state quantifiably to be able to start to think about these intergenerational responsibilities yeah this is a interesting balance because like..."

"500 years most people this is so refreshing because most colleagues and friends i talk to are don't have the guts to think even like 10 years out they start doing wishy-washy kind of statements about ..."

"soon that's not that much different from what people just do with the news and say i think that's what the economy might look like over the next year or two years economists are notoriously not held a..."

"permanent but i want to think of a few reasons i chose 500 is that it's a time frame where i could foresee clear development of some biotechnology that will get us to a new place including missions to..."

"as they travel out into the cosmos absolutely and it's something that is part of the duty if your duty is to keep life safe you have to consider all means to do so and and engineering life to save its..."

"that life whatever form life takes it should have this duty i think will it have the lessons of genetics genomics dna and rna and proteins and the squishy stuff that makes us uh human are those lesson..."

"cystic fibrosis now that's in that case that's true there is one gene that if you have mutations you get cystic fibrosis as a disease but for other other traits they're much more complicated they can ..."

"favorite papers just looked at how likely is it that people get bored and the identical twins and fraternal twins and there's a heritability about 30 so it's not it's mostly not heritable it's like mo..."

"was the first study of this kind and what we found is when he got back you know we saw all the same markers of stress on the body and changes spiked up to levels we've never seen for any other astrona..."

"wait how do you explain that so some of this has to do with when you have a gene get activated you might think oh it's like a light switch i'll look at my wall just flip a light on or off and sometime..."

"and also some of the mutations we found in his blood he had less mutations as if his body was almost being like a low dose of radiation was sort of cleansing his body of maybe the cells that were abou..."

"what what lessons do you draw from that study and other experiments in space that gives you an indication of how we can survive for multiple years i think we know that the radiation is is one of the b..."

"so what are the some interesting early milestones so you said uh 2040 what do we have to look forward to in the next 10 20 years according to your book according to your thoughts a lot of really excit..."

"earth yeah across thousands of humans and then you start getting good data about what the effects in the human body are how do we make humans survive across the entire lifetime for well let's say seve..."

"in space we'd have space plants have been grown in flight and you can get some nutrients but right now it is very reliant on all the up mass being sent up all the you know freeze-dried fruit that thin..."

"now we'd have to do it again carefully because what if what if we lost vitamin c the production of vitamin c as a species what if it was a good reason that we lost it maybe it was helping in some othe..."

"um protein and a lot of the amino acids and bed bugs there's a guy at the american museum in natural history in new york he loves bed bugs lou sorkin and he has a monthly meeting where he talks about ..."

"when we start to get bigger structures that have a bit more privacy i think they'll i think there'll be a lot of it and it has to be you know this this is a big question of who goes up into space it's..."

"it's going to be a reality show so what about the colonization of other planets if you look at mars when you first of all do you think it's a worthy effort looking at this particular one planet to put..."

"over time the esi changes across millennia and it does so the venus is going to get cooler and cooler um okay but what are the big challenges to you in colonizing mars from a biology perspective from ..."

"growing them but there's ways to extract them there's a fair amount of water there's actually a beautiful image of all the known water on mars that nasa posted about a year ago and there's water every..."

"but it's not just the us and russia this time it's china it's india it's the uae it's europe esa jax has the japanese space agency and there's the u.s so now it went from just a two-person race to you..."

"end quote that's another interesting question how will culture be different on mars in the early days and beyond yeah it'll be as we've seen with all of human history i think even just when people mig..."

"feel like it's like uh more hands is a better massage i don't know if that's the best analogy here but i think aristotle said that yeah i should mention that your book has incredible quotes it's great..."

"characterization of these astronauts as we've done for scott kelly and other astronauts they're from nasa and we're seeing so far actually there'll be a lot of this presented later this year it seems ..."

"uh you know and i always i email them back and say listen every one of your cells is worthy of study i said send me you know so i have this really kind of creepy geneticist email responsible like i wa..."

"these missions because you mentioned some of the folks are not necessarily lifelong astronauts you're talking about more and more regular civilians what's what does it take physiologically and psychol..."

"but the the extraordinary thing is uh the there's unfortunately there's no collaboration between the you see that as a negative that's not the positive kind of competition it's it's a good question so..."

"along quite a lot these days what i tweeted was i'd like to do a podcast in space one day and uh it was a silly thing uh because i was thinking for some reason in my mind i was thinking 10 20 years fr..."

"cost is variable is because it depends well do you have all the money and you say i want to go and just sit in space for two years and do nothing well then you have to pay for all that time that you'r..."

"little bit sooner depending on how fast it goes but they're building the world's first private space station so if you want to have a wedding up there you just have to multiply the number of guests ti..."

"mission so they're doing the experiments too what does it take to design an experiment and to run a design experiment here on earth that runs up there and then also to actually do the the running of t..."

"how they destroy destructive destructive fire fire and then vibration testing um it's kind of like asking for a friend how how do you from a scientific perspective do destructive testing and how do yo..."

"like that kind of testing what else about designing experiments like what kind of stuff do you want to get in there you said 80 different experiments so we're staying in the realm of biology and genet..."

"being built up with trish which has been fabulous collaboration between cornell and trish but the other thing we're doing is for axiom two is training them how do you for example if you want to look a..."

"robots um how many robots are up there in space that help with the experiments like what how much technology is there would you say is it is it really a manual activity or is there a lot of robots hel..."

"at the fun stuff going on in the next few years but if we zoom out once again how and when do we get outside of the solar system you mentioned this before or maybe you can mention the other hops we mi..."

"titan so i think that'd be one place where i'm hoping that we would at least have a bit of an outpost it might not be a luxurious retreat because it's really cold is there a life on titan you think un..."

"why do you like asteroids no are you just this we're just listing vacations yeah vacation spots yes i'd say well so they probably have a lot of rare earth minerals that you could use for manufacturing..."

"legal so you could what's the space act uh it's basically 1967 was the first a large-scale agreement between major international parties particularly the u.s and russia but also many others to say tha..."

"even wars over those resources hopefully at a very small scale it's more like conflict or like human tension but oh boy it's like war makes for human flourishing like after the war somehow sometimes t..."

"fascinating how do we get outside the solar system you uh you write an epic line i believe it's the title of one of the sections launched toward the second sun that journey of saying we're going to so..."

"rebel and say to hell with this i'm tired of being in this prison this is a bad idea we're turning around or we're going somewhere else or a mutiny happens and they kill each other right so we would h..."

"you need for your chloroplast and your skin but it's you know that's something i'm hoping would happen in three to four hundred years but it would be hard because you're taking a plant organelle and p..."

"occupation there's is there a good word for this of uh pl of planets like it's a to terraform the planet you know to adjust the human body to the planet oh oh oh there's not really a term for that yet..."

"his skin and in his mouth and stool that weren't there before so he like picked up new hitchhikers in the space station and brought some of them back down with them so there's like long-term ecosystem..."

"weeks so it was just a little bit diluted so we reassured him it'll get more pink as they grow again uh but basically yeah it's a beautiful pink lake and so that is gorgeous it's almost like that it's..."

"funding all research very grateful and then and i told him i said if you have like an ex-girlfriend we could try and name like a uh you know a genital fungus after her or something if you want and he ..."

"it is if you create this toxic landscape and then evolution comes in and says fine i'll make things that can survive here and when you look at the biochemistry of those species what they've created is..."

"question but but to break those down though i think the ai i hope in the book later that we would have really good machine companions that the ai i really hope the ais that we build like realistically..."

"yeah so there's trade-offs but it's one idea i i you know i'm sorry dave i'm afraid i can't do that that i'm really i find really compelling the idea i'd love to set that up in my own life at some poi..."

"you're both in charge of each other's life and you both don't quite know how each other works and also you don't treat each other as a servant so i don't know if how hal was treated that way a little ..."

"fusion drives would be great just getting nuclear fusion well controlled and that would actually give you a pretty good propulsion so i think that's the most likely thing we'll see is fusion drives fu..."

"better i think we could see people live potentially to 150 with some of the tools and methods and living longer but upload you know living my in a living brain like in the kurzweil singularity where w..."

"necessarily treat any one body as fundamentally uh unique or important but the sort of the ideas that those bodies play with i mean that sounds crazy no it's abstract abstract but very well and derek ..."

"and that clones then are um how do they do they lessen not really they just distribute they just scale the eunice that can be experienced by other humans like if i could be doing five podcasts right n..."

"interest in uh sort of the more narrow ai tools of prediction and machine learning all that kind of stuff yeah i think called the age of prediction so the next book that's coming is all the ways where..."

"it's the self-doubt that is essential for human progress that's weird i'm not not sure what that is if i can let me ask you to be the wise old sage and give advice to young people today sure in high s..."

"and then all the usual you know normal phrases apply like then you never work a day in your life if you have a job you love the usual phrases but yes but it's true and it and it's actually really hard..."

"play like counter-strike or half-life like 12 hours straight now like what was i did so after when at one point i built a new computer i just didn't install some of the games i had before i was like i..."

"dancing or things like that when you can if we can if we may to uh to some difficult dark places uh i'll bring a flashlight maybe something um find something that can warm your soul or inspires others..."

"appreciate said i have to enjoy sadness which sounds like an oxymoron but i sometimes even long for a good sadness like a like a rainy day and i'm staring out a window squinting and like drinking some..."

"it's not i've had sex more than one time now so that's really big congratulations this is very exciting at least four times but empathy multiples um and professionally accomplished things like i could..."

"i'm a little bit older i definitely i would even potentially do a one-way trip to mars if it's later in life so would you like to do you think you will step foot on mars i would love to and i think i ..."

"why do you think we're here what's the meaning of life to serve as the guardians of life itself that is a the the duty for our species is is to recognize and really manifest this unique responsibility..."

"and that would make you sad if we were replaced by the kind and uh the kind or smarter ai no i think about that in the book a bit of that i think i i would be okay with it if they carry some echo of t..."

"um hope to be there with you on mars i would like to also um breathe my last breath on that sexy red planet that's our neighbor podcast for mars at least space i think space should be coming base is p..."