"the ribosome who I mentioned a little while back can make an elephant one molecule at a time ribosomes are slow they run at about one molecule a second but ribosomes make ribosomes so you have trillio..."

"you have spent your life working at the boundary between bits and atoms so the digital and the physical what have you learned about engineering and about nature reality from uh working at this divide ..."

"start there some of the most impactful important humans who have ever lived in Computing why were they wrong so I worked with Andy Gleason who is touring's counterparts so just just for background if ..."

"turing's machine that's the foundation of modern Computing has a simple physics mistake which is the head is distinct from the tape so in the turing machine there's a head that programmatically moves ..."

"so I I really came to appreciate that a few years back when I did a keynote for the annual meeting of the supercomputer industry and then went into the halls and spent time with the supercomputer Buil..."

"Turing and Von Neumann both knew this so all of the Canon of computer scientists credits them for what was never meant to be a computer architecture both Turing and Von Neumann ended their life studyi..."

"level so uh let's talk about CBA Center of bits and atoms what's the origin story of this MIT legendary MIT Center that you're a part of creating in high school I really wanted to go to vocational sch..."

"Harvard I was visiting MIT through Marvin because I was interested in the physics of musical instruments I uh this will be another slight aggression I uh and Cornell I would study Physics and and then..."

"one part of that is to understand the Computing and if you look at like the finest time scale and length scale you need to model the physics it's not heroic you know a a good GPU can do teraflops toda..."

"instrument the bow without interfering with it so I um set up um local electromagnetic fields where I would um detect um how those fields interact with the bow he's playing but we had a problem that h..."

"the predecessor to CBA media lab is well known for Nicholas negroponte what's less well known is the role of Jerry Wiesner so Jerry was mit's president before that Kennedy science advisor grand old ma..."

"yeah so they're usually nanometers micrometers millimeters meters are segregated input and output is segregated we wanted to look just very literally how digital becomes physical and physical becomes ..."

"yeah so a well-equipped research lab has the sort of tools we're talking about but they're segregated in different places they're typically also run by technicians where you then have an account and a..."

"okay can we the three things you just mentioned let's start with the biggest what are some of the biggest stuff you attempted to explore how to build in a lab sure so viewed from One Direction what we..."

"what is digital the Casual obvious answer is digital in one and zero but that's wrong there's a much deeper answer which is Claude Shannon at MIT wrote the best Master's thesis ever in his master's th..."

"he proved was a threshold theorem for channel capacity and so what he showed was my voice to you right now is coming as a wave through sound and the further you get the worse it sounds but people watc..."

"reliably so Shannon did that for communication then van Neumann was inspired by that and applied it to computation and he showed how an unreliable computer can operate reliably by using the same thres..."

"printing one of the companies spun off my lab by Max lebowsky's form Labs which is now a billion dollar 3D printing company that's the modern version but all of that's analog meaning the information i..."

"you don't need a ruler to make you the geometry comes from your parts so now compare a child playing with Lego and a state-of-the-art 3D printer or computerized milling machine the Tower made by a chi..."

"lab was working with the Aerospace industry so Spirit era was Boeing's factories they asked us for how to join Composites when you make a composite airplane you make these giant wing and fuselage part..."

"uh at heart because of the robot can make the robot so more recently to my students Amira and Miana had a nature communication paper showing how this robot can be made out of the parts it's making so ..."

"structure um in my lab we're doing that but on different length scales for different purposes so we're making micro robots out of like Nano bricks and to make the robots to build large-scale structure..."

"the heart of all of this in the stack I described so one student will Langford made these micro robots out of little parts that then we're using for miana's bigger robots up through this hierarchy and..."

"complex objects right now let me give you the numbers so let me relate this to right now we're living in AI Mania explosion time let me relate that to what we're talking about a hundred petaflop compu..."

"fabrication of embodying codes in construction so a description doesn't describe a thing but the description becomes the thing so you're saying I mean this is one of the cases you're making and that t..."

"class it's one of the most over subscribed classes at MIT um students would say things like can you teach this at MIT it seems too useful it's just how to work these machines and the students in the c..."

"General the whole mini computer industry the whole Computing industry was there and it all failed when Computing became personal Ken Olsen the head of digital famously said you don't need a computer a..."

"the capacity experience to be creative and to build I I mentioned Marvin another Mentor at MIT sadly no longer living is Seymour pepper so pepper studied with Piaget he came to MIT to get access to th..."

"is in effect bring the world to them now let's look at the scaling of all of this so there's one Earth a thousand cities a million towns a billion people a trillion things there was one Whirlwind comp..."

"so that that is self-reproducing machines but you need to feed it things like bearings or microcontrollers they can't make those parts but other than that they're making their own things and I should ..."

"having not a 3D printer but a thing that's a cross between a pick and place makes circuit boards in 2D the 3D printer extrudes in 3D we're making sort of a micro manipulator that acts like a printer b..."

"yes and the butt to the yes but is let me clarify two things one is that immediately raises King Charles fear of gray goo of runaway mutant self-reproducing things the reason why there are many things..."

"guns and all of that is a very well met Market need anywhere we go there's a fine supply chain for weapons now hobbyists have been making guns for ages and guns are available just about anywhere so yo..."

"this is the heart of the success of AI in part it was the scaling we talked about a while ago and in part it was the representations for which search is effective AI has found good representations it ..."

"in our genome it it it it's every bit as profound as the cognition in our brain but now this is sort of thinking in molecular thinking in how you design and so um I'd say the most fundamental problem ..."

"it's building up to creating life in non-living materials yes and I I don't view this as copying life I view it as driving life I I didn't start from how does biology work and then I'm going to copy i..."

"assumed gingery you go through the Industrial Revolution and you create the inventory of a hundred thousand resistors what we're finding is the way you the minimum building blocks for a civilization i..."

"um with those those are enough for us to assemble logic and they're enough for us to assemble actuation um with logic and actuation we can make micro robots the micro robots can build bigger robots um..."

"about how it happens you know where do ideas come from and that's an interesting story where do I just come from so I had mentioned veniver Bush and uh he wrote a really influential thing called the e..."

"the bubbles would make the whole thing stop working and we spent about half a year trying to get rid of the bubbles then Manu said wait a minute the bubbles are actually better than what we're doing w..."

"Manu then showed you could make a 50 Cent microscope using little Bubbles and then um the techniques we developed are what we use to transplant genomes to make synthetic life all came out of the failu..."

"detour around it so now imagine a channel that has two Wells and one bubble if the bubble is in one well the fluid has to go in the other channel if the fluid is in the other well it has to go in the ..."

"computer I mean the fact that you did that with bubbles and microfluids just kind of brilliant well so I mean to stay with that example uh it it what we propose to do was to make a fluidic ribosome an..."

"fail part and so the whole language of research is about like milestones and deliverables that works when you're going down a straight line but it doesn't work for this kind of Discovery and to LEAP t..."

"just stepping back does it Amaze you that from small building blocks where um amino acids you mentioned molecules let's go to the very beginning of hydrogen and helium at the start of this universe th..."

"is this simple but Infamous problem where right now in this room we're surrounded by molecules and they run at different velocities um imagine a container that has a wall and it's got gas on both side..."

"and power a machine and in thermodynamics you can't do that so that's Maxwell's demon uh that problem is connected to everything we just spoke about for the last few hours so uh Leo zillard uh around ..."

"thermodynamics and so the explanation of Maxwell's demon is that it's it's in the Demon's brain so then Ross Khalid colleague Charlie at IBM uh then shocked Ralph by showing you can compute with arbit..."

"things about that sequence is it diverged off so deep neural networks used in machine learning diverged from trying to understand how the brain works um what what makes them work what's emerged is the..."

"cognition but I don't know any experimental evidence that points to anything in neurobiology that says we need quantum mechanics and um I view the question about whether a large language model is cons..."

"digital family there's there's an early peek at that which is um there's a misleading term which is generative design generative design is where you don't tell a computer how to design something you t..."

"about because you mentioned cellular automata earlier about from this example you just gave and in general the observation you can make by looking at cellular automata that there's a from simple rules..."

"move tokens around they showed that modeling billiard balls on a billiard table with cellular automata is a universal computer to to be Universal you need a persistent state you need a non-linear oper..."

"physical space yeah and so that's why you know for me the heart of this whole conversation is morphogenesis so just to come back to that um what touring ended his sadly cut short life studying was how..."

"giant computation I I would even kind of say Quantum Computing is overhyped in that there's a few things Quantum Computing is going to be good at one is breaking crypto systems but we know how to make..."

"dot a point has infinite information that can't be true because in information is is um a fundamental resource that's connected to energy and in fact it um one of my favorite questions you can ask a c..."

"physics now it happens the words I just said look a lot like Quantum field theories but there's an interesting way where instead of starting with different differential equations to get to Quantum fie..."

"one heck of a great life what one important one is uh it if you look at Junior faculty trying to get tenure at a place like MIT the ones who try to figure out how to get tenure or miserable and don't ..."

"I mean the thing that gives me most hope for the future is that population once a year this whole Lab Network meets and it's my favorite Gathering it's in Bhutan this year because it's it's every body..."

"um you can make many of the things you consume you could make it for yourself it could be done on a community skull it could be done on a regional scale um it really I'd say the research we spent the ..."

"what do you think if the shaping of our environment gets something deep what do you think is the meaning of it all what's the meaning of life now I can tell you my insights into how life works I can t..."

"notice we humans are smart enough to notice the magic so it's you haven't said the s word yet um which one is that singularity [Laughter] yeah I'm not sure if Ray Kurzweil is listening if he is high R..."