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David Kirtley: Nuclear Fusion, Plasma Physics, and the Future of Energy | Lex Fridman Podcast #485

David Kirtley: Nuclear Fusion, Plasma Physics, and the Future of Energy | Lex Fridman Podcast #485

15 segments available

David Kirtley is a nuclear fusion engineer and CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building the world's first commercial fusion power plant by 2028. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep485-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/david-kirtley-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* David's X: https://x.com/dekirtley David's LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4qX0KXp Helion: https://www.helionenergy.com/ Helion's YouTube: https://youtube.com/HelionEnergy *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *UPLIFT Desk:* Standing desks and office ergonomics. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/uplift_desk-ep485-sb *Fin:* AI agent for customer service. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/fin-ep485-sb *Miro:* Online collaborative whiteboard platform. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/miro-ep485-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep485-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep485-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep485-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 3:14 - Nuclear fission vs fusion 13:14 - Physics of E=mc^2 18:28 - Is nuclear fusion safe? 23:50 - Chernobyl 30:17 - Geopolitics 32:12 - Extreme scenarios 39:07 - How nuclear fusion works 1:11:59 - Extreme temperatures 1:17:00 - Fusion control and simulation 1:28:54 - Electricity from fusion 2:02:59 - First fusion power plant in 2028 2:09:52 - Energy needs of GPU clusters 2:20:16 - Kardashev scale 2:28:12 - Fermi Paradox *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Segments Timeline

1
0:00 - 3:30
3:30 duration480 words

Introduction

"- The following is a conversation with David Kirtley, a nuclear engineer, expert on nuclear fusion, and the CEO of Helion Energy, a company working on building nuclear fusion reactors and have made in..."

2
3:30 - 13:42
10:11 duration1596 words

Nuclear fission vs fusion

"that we use today here on Earth comes from the process of fusion. It also is what powers plants. And those plants become oil, and those become fossil fuels that then powers the rest of human civilizat..."

3
13:42 - 18:54
5:12 duration924 words

Physics of E=mc^2

"So first these atomic nuclei are charged. They have an electric these atomic nuclei are charged. They have an electric charge, and they like charges repel. And I think everybody is familiar with that,..."

4
18:54 - 24:01
5:07 duration1321 words

Is nuclear fusion safe?

"electricity built into it without a lot of the steam or thermal system requirements. And so, that's a really nice fundamental benefit of fusion itself. Also, this reaction that's really hard to do tur..."

5
24:01 - 30:27
6:26 duration1202 words

Chernobyl

"humans a bit. - So with Chernobyl and Fukushima, I actually put Three Mile Island in a different category. in a different category. In fact, some of the recent news in the last year is that we're gonn..."

6
30:27 - 32:12
1:44 duration253 words

Geopolitics

"leaders to figure out the geopolitics of nuclear, nuclear proliferation. ...nuclear weapons, nuclear fission power plants, and nuclear fusion power plants? What's the interesting, intricate complexity..."

7
32:12 - 39:08
6:55 duration1205 words

Extreme scenarios

"- Okay, so let's sort of return to the basic question, we already mentioned it a little bit, but is nuclear fusion safe? So the power plants that we're talking about, fusion power plants, are they saf..."

8
39:08 - 1:12:07
32:59 duration5812 words

How nuclear fusion works

"- So high level, what are the different ways to build a nuclear fusion power plant? Can you explain what a tokamak is, what a stellarator is, and what's the linear approach that Helion is using? - So ..."

9
1:12:07 - 1:17:00
4:52 duration944 words

Extreme temperatures

"to help somebody like me understand what 100 million degrees is like? It seems insane. What does that world look like? I guess just everything is moving really fast. Like you said, you can't put anyth..."

10
1:17:00 - 1:29:12
12:11 duration2123 words

Fusion control and simulation

"- And there's a computer managing all this. Like, how do you even program these kinds of systems to do the switching? Is there some innovation required there? - So I'm continuously amazed by what the ..."

11
1:29:12 - 2:03:13
34:00 duration5927 words

Electricity from fusion

"to the directly mapping to the electricity, which is one of the differences between this approach and the tokamak approach? - So how much fusion do you get out from these systems? And that's really th..."

12
2:03:13 - 2:09:54
6:41 duration1199 words

First fusion power plant in 2028

"build, rapidly build, every few years, bring a new fusion system online. In 2023, we signed a deal with Microsoft to build a power plant for Microsoft, for one of their data centers. And this is a pow..."

13
2:09:54 - 2:20:44
10:49 duration1803 words

Energy needs of GPU clusters

"interesting intricacies connecting nuclear fusion power plant to the power grid? Like, are there some constraints to the old-schoolness of the power grid in, let's say, in the United States? How do yo..."

14
2:20:44 - 2:28:13
7:29 duration1310 words

Kardashev scale

"massive amounts of energy. And a lot of times, people talk about it as incident, as in you had solar panels the size of the entire planet blocking all of the sun. But I think really, you should be thi..."

15
2:28:13 - 2:36:24
8:10 duration1345 words

Fermi Paradox

"- When you look out there at the stars, I'm really confused by what's going on, because I think there is for sure thousands, if not millions, of advanced alien civilizations out there. I'm really conf..."