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The Future Of Brain-Computer Interfaces

The Future Of Brain-Computer Interfaces

14 segments available

YC alum Max Hodak is the co-founder of Neuralink and founder of Science, a company building brain-computer interfaces that can restore sight. Science has developed a tiny retinal implant that stimulates cells in the eye to help blind patients see again. More than 40 patients have already received the treatment in clinical trials, including one who recently read a full novel for the first time in over a decade. In this episode of How to Build the Future, Max joined Garry to discuss how BCIs work, what it takes to engineer the brain, and why brain-computer interfaces may become one of the most important technologies of the next decade. Chapters: 00:26 — The retinal chip helping blind patients see 01:51 — What brain-computer interfaces really are 03:37 — Could BCIs enhance intelligence? 05:44 — The brain’s incredible plasticity 09:23 — What it feels like to see with an implant 13:01 — Can we restore full human vision? 17:55 — Is the brain basically a computer? 24:59 — Max Hodak’s path into brain tech 28:57 — How Neuralink actually started 33:10 — How the brain represents information 39:47 — Bio-hybrid brain interfaces 44:32 — Building the company Science 51:27 — The future of BCIs and human longevity Apply to Y Combinator: https://www.ycombinator.com/apply Work at a startup: https://www.ycombinator.com/jobs

Segments Timeline

1
0:00 - 2:01
2:01 duration427 words

Pioneering Sight Restoration Technology

Max Hodak discusses groundbreaking BCI treatments that restore vision using innovative retinal implants.

"I think it is very possible that the first people to live to a thousand are alive right now. It still takes some suspension of disbelief because I think biotech has just been so incremental. One of th..."

2
2:01 - 6:04
4:03 duration878 words

Restoration and Future of Brain Functionality

Exploring how brain-computer interfaces can restore lost capabilities and pave the way for future advancements.

"do? What are they able to do now? >> So the brain is this powerful computer, but it's encased in the skull. Like it is not magically connected to things. And so um it has these these handful of connec..."

3
6:04 - 10:05
4:01 duration915 words

The Plastic Brain: Understanding Critical Periods

This segment explores the importance of neuroplasticity, especially during critical developmental periods, and how the brain adapts through experiences and feedback.

"have to get BCIs when you're incredibly young while the brain is still plastic? like how does all this come together? >> Neuroplasticity is really interesting and really misunderstood. Um there are ge..."

4
10:05 - 14:08
4:03 duration897 words

Navigating Phantom Perceptions in Vision

Exploring how blind patients distinguish between actual visual input and internally generated images during rehabilitation.

"not getting input from the from the optic nerve, it is still trying to see things. So it kind of turns up the noise. And so um blind patients often report like hallucinations and these like internally..."

5
14:08 - 18:09
4:01 duration913 words

Revolutionizing Vision Restoration

This segment discusses advancements in vision restoration techniques and the potential paradigm shift in healthcare driven by neural engineering.

"down this this path and then at the end you run a study and the answer is no and then it's like where do you go from there? There's been a huge amount of work that's gone into finding drugs to to like..."

6
18:09 - 22:10
4:01 duration888 words

The Brain's Interface to Reality

Exploring how cranial and spinal nerves serve as the brain's interface to process and understand reality.

"architecture than like a like a vonoyoman architecture electrical computer, but it processes information. It gets information down one of 12 cranial nerves or 31 spinal. So all of the information that..."

7
22:10 - 26:12
4:02 duration898 words

Innovating Vision: The Bipolar Cell Approach

Exploring breakthrough methods for retina stimulation using both optogenetics and electrical techniques.

"technology was all there that that would be possible circuit 2021 and that was also further from stuff that I had worked on before and so it felt like a good thing for us to to kind of go explore. I t..."

8
26:12 - 30:14
4:02 duration877 words

The Dawn of Conscious Interfaces

This segment explores the evolution and future potential of brain-computer interfaces in understanding and enhancing consciousness.

"you can surround that consciousness with like the correct inputs. >> Yeah. I mean this also gets into questions of like what is consciousness like the how does the brain create our experience. There's..."

9
30:14 - 34:16
4:02 duration862 words

Creating a New Cranial Connection

Exploring innovative approaches to develop a biohybrid neural interface that connects with the brain and mimics cranial nerve functions.

"connection Like what would how did or if you wanted to make a new cranial nerve. So instead of having an optic nerve or a vestigular nerve, it wanted to have like the internet nerve like how would nat..."

10
34:16 - 38:18
4:02 duration886 words

Understanding Neural Representations and AI

This segment explores the connections between brain representations and AI models, highlighting the similarities in how both systems map inputs to outputs.

"two synapses from the muscle. So it projects all the way from the top of the head down to the spine, and then there's another synapse from the spine out to the muscle. And so the representation that y..."

11
38:18 - 40:18
2:00 duration447 words

The Smartphone Dividend in BCI's Evolution

This segment explores how advancements in smartphone technology have propelled the development of brain-computer interfaces.

"power efficient enough that they wouldn't get hot. And so I think the thing that made this possible is is what we call the smartphone dividend. Like BCI couldn't have done this on its own, but Apple a..."

12
40:18 - 44:19
4:01 duration971 words

Ethical Dilemmas of ECMO

Exploring the complex moral and economic questions surrounding ECMO treatment and its implications for patients and healthcare.

"alive on a on an ECMO circuit. ECMO is sacra corporeal membrane oxygenation. this fancy word for like heart lung machine. And in his case, his heart was okay, but his lungs had failed. And so this was..."

13
44:19 - 48:21
4:02 duration881 words

Elon Musk's Vision for Humanity

Exploring the origins of Neuralink and its mission to merge humanity with technology.

"science even though there's these several different projects, I really see them as like as one project over the next 10 years. So you know started as an engineer um first principles thinking which oft..."

14
48:21 - 53:13
4:52 duration1089 words

Visions of 2035: The Future Awaits

Exploring the transformative potential of brain-computer interfaces and the future of human longevity.

"follow through on that. But that only works if you have a sense of where you want to go. And so the first is like figure out what you want. The thing I didn't do was my so after college I started a co..."