Nick Lane has some pretty wild ideas about the evolution of life. He thinks early life was continuous with the spontaneous chemistry of undersea hydrothermal vents. Nick’s story may be wrong, but I find it remarkable that with just that starting point, you can explain so much about why life is the way that it is — the things you’re supposed to just take as givens in biology class: * Why are there two sexes? Why sex at all? * Why are bacteria so simple despite being around for 4 billion years? Why is there so much shared structure between all eukaryotic cells despite the enormous morphological variety between animals, plants, fungi, and protists? * Why did the endosymbiosis event that led to eukaryotes happen only once, and in the particular way that it did? * Why is all life powered by proton gradients? Why does all life on Earth share not only the Krebs Cycle, but even the intermediate molecules like Acetyl-CoA? His theory implies that early life is almost chemically inevitable (potentially blooming on hundreds of millions of planets in the Milky Way alone), and that the real bottleneck is the complex eukaryotic cell. 𝐄𝐏𝐈𝐒𝐎𝐃𝐄 𝐋𝐈𝐍𝐊𝐒 * Transcript: https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/nick-lane * Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/nick-lane-life-as-we-know-it-is-chemically-inevitable/id1516093381?i=1000731183713 * Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2McOZPIv2xvNOlVbOlRDL1?si=dc891b2a159c422d 𝐒𝐏𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐎𝐑𝐒 * Gemini in Sheets lets you turn messy text into structured data. We used it to classify all our episodes by type and topic, no manual tagging required. If you’re a Google Workspace user, you can get started today at https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/ * Labelbox has a massive network of domain experts (called Alignerrs) who help train AI models in a way that ensures they understand the world deeply, not superficially. These Alignerrs are true experts — one even tutored me in chemistry as I prepped for this episode. Learn more at https://labelbox.com/dwarkesh * Lighthouse helps frontier technology companies like Cursor and Physical Intelligence navigate the U.S. immigration system and hire top talent from around the world. Lighthouse handles everything, maximizing the probability of visa approval while minimizing the work you have to do. Learn more at https://lighthousehq.com/employers To sponsor a future episode, visit https://dwarkesh.com/advertise 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄𝐒𝐓𝐀𝐌𝐏𝐒 00:00:00 – The singularity that unlocked complex life 00:08:26 – Early life continuous with Earth's geochemistry 00:23:36 – Eukaryotes are the great filter for intelligent life 00:42:16 – Mitochondria are the reason we have sex 01:08:12 – Are bioelectric fields linked to consciousness?
Nick Lane is a biochemist at UCL and author of Transformer, The Vital Question, and many other amazing books on biology, chemistry, and life. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep318-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/nick-lane-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Nick's Website: https://nick-lane.net Nick's Books: Transformer: https://amzn.to/3cy7lpO The Vital Question: https://amzn.to/3q0vN6q Oxygen: https://amzn.to/3edy3V5 Power, Sex, Suicide: https://amzn.to/3B3OInk Life Ascending: https://amzn.to/3wKIsOE Books mentioned: 21 Lessons for the 21st Century: https://amzn.to/3AZQaqy The Black Cloud: https://amzn.to/3wJhDKC *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep318-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep318-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:09 - Origin of life 14:56 - Panspermia 20:30 - What is life? 33:44 - Photosynthesis 37:19 - Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells 47:20 - Sex 55:03 - DNA 1:02:15 - Violence 1:12:50 - Human evolution 1:18:45 - Neanderthals 1:22:18 - Sensory inputs 1:33:08 - Consciousness 2:04:41 - AI and biology 2:34:00 - Evolution 2:54:32 - Fermi paradox 3:07:52 - Cities 3:15:39 - Depression 3:18:14 - Writing 3:26:13 - Advice for young people 3:33:22 - Earth *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman